Industries

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Introduction

Classification of Industries

Industries can be classified on the basis of:

→ Raw materials

→ Size

→ Ownership

By Raw Materials

By Size

By Ownership

Factors affecting location of Industries

Availability of:

→ Raw material

→ Land

→ Water

→ Labour

→ Power

→ Capital

→ Transport

→ Market

Sometimes government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport costs and infrastructure in backward areas.

Industrial System

An industrial system consists of:

→ Inputs : Raw materials, labour, land, transport, power, infrastructure.

→ Processes : Activities converting raw materials to finished products.

→ Outputs : End products and income.

Industrial Regions

Cluster of industries located close together to share benefits.

World regions: Eastern North America, Western & Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern Asia.

India: Mumbai–Pune, Bangalore–Tamil Nadu, Hugli, Ahmedabad–Baroda, Chhotanagpur belt, Vishakhapatnam–Guntur, Gurgaon–Delhi–Meerut, Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram.

Distribution of Major Industries

The world’s major industries: Iron and Steel , Textile , and Information Technology (IT) .

Iron & Steel and Textile are old; IT is an emerging sunrise industry.

Iron and Steel Industry

Timeline of Iron and Steel industry's location

→ Before 1800: near raw materials, power and water.

→ 1850–1900: near coalfields, canals, railways.

→ After 1950: on large flat land near seaports to import ores.

Jamshedpur

TISCO started in 1907 at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur), near Subarnarekha & Kharkai rivers.

Why Sakchi was chosen to set up the steel plant

→ 32 km from Kalimati station on Bengal‑Nagpur railway.

→ Close to iron ore, coal, manganese, and Kolkata market.

→ Water supply via Kharkai & Subarnarekha rivers.

→ Coal from Jharia, ore and minerals from Odisha & Chhattisgarh.

→ Government support provided capital.

Pittsburgh

→ A major steel city in the USA.

Why iron and steel industry developed in Pittsburgh

→ Local coal; iron ore from Minnesota (~1,500 km away) via Great Lakes and rail.

→ Rivers (Ohio, Monongahela, Allegheny) supply water.

→ Steel mills located along river valleys; finished steel sent via land & water.

→ Support industries making railroad equipment, heavy machinery, rails.

Cotton Textile Industry

Based on fibre type:

→ Natural: wool, silk, cotton, linen, jute.

→ Man‑made: nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon.

Before Industrial Revolution: hand spinning/weaving.

18th cen: power looms in Britain → global mechanized textile mills.

Major producers: India, China, Japan, USA.

Ahmedabad

→ Located on Sabarmati river in Gujarat; first mill in 1859.

→ Called “Manchester of India”.

Why textile industry developed in Ahmedabad

→ Close to cotton-growing areas → raw material.

→ Ideal climate for spinning/weaving.

→ Flat land for mills.

→ Skilled & semi-skilled labour from Gujarat & Maharashtra.

→ Good road/rail network for transporting textiles.

→ Nearby Mumbai port for importing machinery and exporting goods.

→ Recent challenges: mill closures due to newer centres and lack of modernization.

Osaka

→ A major textile centre in Japan — “Manchester of Japan”.

Why textile industry developed in Osaka

→ Flat plains → land for mills.

→ Warm humid climate suitable for spinning/weaving.

→ Yodo river provides water.

→ Skilled labour available.

→ Port for importing cotton and exporting fabrics.

→ Industry relies on imported cotton (Egypt, India, China, USA).

→ Textile industry later replaced by iron & steel, machinery, shipbuilding, autos, electrical, cement.

Locational advantages Silicon plateau - Bangalore

→ Most educational institutions & IT colleges in India.

→ Dust-free environment, low rents & cost of living.

→ First state IT policy introduced in 1992.

→ Wide availability of skilled managers/workforce.

Locational advantages of Silicon valley - California

→ Close to advanced scientific & tech centres.

→ Pleasant climate and clean environment.

→ Ample space for growth.

→ Near major roads and airports.

→ Good market access and skilled workforce.

MCQs

1. Which of the following best describes an agro based industry?

(a) Industries depending on ores like Cement, iron and steel etc.

(b) Industries that depend upon the primary products from forests for their raw materials

(c) Industries depending on agricultural products ie plant and animal products

(d) Industries that use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials

► (c) Industries depending on agricultural products ie plant and animal products

2. Marine-based industries are based on

(a) Minerals

(b) Forest products

(c) Agricultural products

(d) Oceanic products

► (d) Oceanic products

3. In the light of various factors that influence industrial location, some industries have a tendency to grow close to each other. Name such areas.

(a) Industrial Structures

(b) Industrial Regions

(c) Industrial Systems

(d) Industrial Organisms

► (b) Industrial Regions

4. The leading industries of Birla Group, Reliance, Tata Group of industries belong to the private sector. What are the characterstic fetures of these industries ?

(a) Jointly owned, they are owned, managed and controlled by a group of individuals and govenrment agencies . Prices of products are fixed through planning.

(b) Operated mainly for the benefit of the public rather than profits , they are owned, managed and controlled by a group of individuals. Prices of products are determined by market forces

(c) Operated mainly for Profits , they are owned, managed and controlled by a group of individuals. Prices of products are determined by market forces

(d) Members of the cooperative society produce the raw material and add value to earn profit. Generally opearetes with the motive of community welfare

► (c) Operated mainly for Profits , they are owned, managed and controlled by a group of individuals. Prices of products are determined by market forces

5. Basket weaving falls in the category of

(a) Small-scale industry

(b) Cottage industry

(c) Large-scale industry

(d) None of these

► (b) Cottage industry

6. Change of raw materials into products of more value to people is called

(a) Manufacturing

(b) Resources

(c) Population

(d) None of these

► (a) Manufacturing

7. Fish is a product of the

(a) mineral-based industries

(b) agro-based industries

(c) marine-based industries

(d) forest-based industries

► (c) marine-based industries

8. Why is steel called the backbone of modern industries?

(a) Everything we use is related with steel

(b) Steel is cheaper

(c) Steel is available everywhere in the world

(d) None of these

► (a) Everything we use is related with steel

9. Name the important Northern industrial region in India

(a) Delhi ,Gurgaon- Meerut region

(b) Bangalore- Tamil Nadu region

(c) Ahmedabad- Vadodara region

(d) Damodar Valley belt

► (a) Delhi ,Gurgaon- Meerut region

10. Which industries are also known as village or household industries?

(a) Small Scale industries

(b) Cottage industries

(c) Large Scale industries

(d) None of the above

► (b) Cottage industries

11. Joint sector Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. From the given list fo industries, which one can be called a Joint sEctor industry ?

(a) Iron and Steel industry

(b) Tata Group of Companies

(c) Reliance Industries

(d) Maruti Udyog Limited

► (d) Maruti Udyog Limited

12. Processing sea food and manufacturing fish oil can be considered as examples of :

(a) Agro based industries

(b) Marine based industries

(c) Mineral based industries

(d) Forest based industries

► (b) Marine based industries

13. Which of the following can be considered as an example of the economic activity extraction of minerals from the industry sector?

(a) Tourism industry

(b) Iron and Steel industry

(c) Banking industry

(d) Coal mining industry

► (d) Coal mining industry

14. Which of the following can be considered as an example of the economic activity service provider from the industry sector?

(a) Textile industry

(b) Banking industry

(c) Iron and Steel industry

(d) Coal mining industry

► (b) Banking industry

15. ____________ sector industries are owned, managed and controlled by the state or central government .

(a) Cooperative

(b) Public

(c) Joint

(d) Private

► (b) Public

16. Name the three important industrial regions of the world.

(a) Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Asia

(b) Eastern Australia, Western and central Europe, Eastern Asia

(c) Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Western Australia

(d) Africa, Eastern Asia, Central Australia

► (a) Eastern North America, Western and Central Europe, Eastern Asia

17. With limited capital, a food processing unit is set up in a particular village in Gujarat. This unit generates employment to that particular village. Name the type of classification of industry under which this food processing unit will come under.

(a) Forest based industry

(b) Agro based industry

(c) Small Scale industry

(d) Large Scale industry

► (c) Small Scale industry

18. To which category of industry (based on raw materials) does Iron made from iron ore belong to?

(a) Marine based

(b) Forest based

(c) Agro based

(d) Mineral based

► (d) Mineral based